Developmental hamartoma in which areas of the skeleton fail to mature normally
- remain indefinitely as immature, poorly mineralized trabeculae
Hamartoma of bone and fibrous tissue
Rare triad of
1. Fibrous Dysplasia
Rare cartilage tumour
1% of bone tumours / rare
- typically in adolescents
Usually benign
- but aggressive / frankly malignant behaviour reported
- locally aggressive
- can have pulmonary metastasis
10% of calcaneus fractures
40% of crush injuries
High index of suspicion / classic signs less reliable
Pain & pain with passive stretch remain the cardinal signs
- pallor, paresthesia, pulselessness, & paralysis occur later or sometimes not at all
- low threshold calcaneal compartment pressures & surgical exploration
Chronic instability due to rupture of one or more parts of the lateral ligament
Progressive injury
1. Anterolateral capsule
2. ATFL
3. CFL
Can lead to ankle OA over time
Partial or complete rupture of one or parts of lateral ligaments of ankle
- common ankle sprain
Lateral ligaments sprains are the most common ligamentous injuries of the human body
- account for approximately 15% of all athletic injuries
- it is estimated that there is one ankle inversion injury per day per 10,000 people
Most common young males
- average age 27
Different entity to thoracic Scheuermann's
- end plate abnormal but no kyphosis or wedging
Self - limiting condition
Young athlete / labourer
Adolescent who presents with low grade levels of low back pain
- more pain than thoracic
Structural kyphosis of thoracic or thoracolumbar spine
- characterised by vertebral wedging & subsequent growth disturbance of vertebral end plate
1. Kyphosis > 45°
2. > 5° wedging 3 or more adjacent apical vertebrae
Other features
- Schmorl nodes
Presentation of scoliosis deformity after skeletal maturity
- must be > 21 years at first presentation
- any of usual causes
Typically
- thoracolumbar / lumbar
Idiopathic
- most common cause of adult scoliosis
- incidence is ~ 5% in population