Curves < 20o observation only at 3-6 month intervals depending on growth rate
Never brace curves if patient Risser 4 or 5
1. Risser 0-2 (growth potential)
2. Curve >30o adolescent
3. Curve >25o with progression (5o in six months)
Lateral curvature of the spine 2° to vertebral anomaly
- causes an imbalance in longitudinal spine growth
True incidence unknown
F > M
Typically Thoracic
No association in twins / suggests not inherited
5% risk in family if complex multi-level
Partial or complete rupture of one or parts of lateral ligaments of ankle
- common ankle sprain
Lateral ligaments sprains are the most common ligamentous injuries of the human body
- account for approximately 15% of all athletic injuries
- it is estimated that there is one ankle inversion injury per day per 10,000 people
Most common young males
- average age 27
Structural kyphosis of thoracic or thoracolumbar spine
- characterised by vertebral wedging & subsequent growth disturbance of vertebral end plate
1. Kyphosis > 45°
2. > 5° wedging 3 or more adjacent apical vertebrae
Other features
- Schmorl nodes