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Definition

Loss of ligamentous stability between atlas and axis

Can cause impingement of the spinal cord

Etiology

Definition

Acute dislocation of the atlanto-axial facet joint

Present with acute torticollis

Etiology

Children

Definition

Unstable injuries

Complete disruption of both the anterior and posterior ring

5 - 20% of pelvic fractures

Mechanism

Axial load

Motor vehicle accident

Fall from height

Pathology

Anterior ring

Cause

Movement of iliopsoas tendon over femoral head / iliofemoral ridge / iliofemoral ligament

Symptoms

Audible or palpable snap in the groin

Hip moves from flexed / abducted / externally rotated position to extended / internally rotated position

Incidence

10% of the population - usually painless

Examination

Move hip from flexed / abducted / externally rotated position to extended / internally rotated position

Epidemiology

Middle age men

Steroids / Growth Hormone

Aetiology

Usually occurs in gym

Bench Press

Clinical

Significant bruising in the acute phase

In chronic setting, ask patient to adduct against hip / resistance

Epidemiology

Most common pattern cord injury

Hyper-extension injury in middle aged man with osteoarthritic spine

Usually C3/4 and C4/5

Mechanism

Most common type / in older patient with pre-existing spondylosis / OPLL

- hyperextension injury

- compression of the cord

- anteriorly by osteophytes

- posteriorly by infolded ligamentum flavum

Definition

Chronic Regional Pain Syndrome

CRPS 1

Sympathetically mediated pain syndrome

- excessive or exaggerated response of extremity to injury, surgery or disease

Manifested by

- intense or unduly prolonged pain

- vasomotor disturbances

- trophic changes

- delayed functional recovery

CRPS 2

Definition

Radius rotates externally in relation to the ulna

- posterior displacement of the radial head relative to the capitellum

- in flexion

Anatomy LCL

Aetiology

Throwing injury

- seen in the throwing athlete

- repetitive microtrauma / valgus stress

- develop laxity

History

Initially

- lose velocity / accuracy

Develop medial pain

40% ulna nerve symptoms

Results 

90% fusion rates

Lose70% sagittal plane ROM

Disadvantages of Arthrodesis 

Non union rates up to 12%

Decreased gait speed

Poor mobility over uneven surfaces