pathology

Vertical Shear

Vertical shear

 

Definition

 

Unstable injuries

Complete disruption of both the anterior and posterior ring

 

5 - 20% of pelvic fractures

 

Mechanism

 

Axial load

Motor vehicle accident

Fall from height

 

Pathology

 

Anterior ring

Osteoblastoma

Epidemiology

 

Uncommon

 

< 1% Primary bone tumour

 

Young boys

- second decade

 

Location

 

Similar to OO

 

Spine 30%

- especially posterior elements

 

Long bones 35%

 

Clinical

 

Back or limb pain

- pain less severe than OO

Congenital Vertical Talus

Definition

 

Rockerbottom foot / Persian Slipper Foot

 

Epidemiology

 

Uncommon

 

50% bilateral

 

Doesn't delay walking

- may present in toddler with callus under talus head

 

Associations

 

Congenital anomalies

- CNS disorders

- spina bifida & diastematomyelia ~10%

- arthrogryposis

- neurofibromatosis 

Central Cord Syndrome

Epidemiology

 

Most common pattern cord injury

 

Hyper-extension injury in middle aged man with osteoarthritic spine

 

Usually C3/4 and C4/5

 

Mechanism

 

Most common type / in older patient with pre-existing spondylosis / OPLL

- hyperextension injury

- compression of the cord

- anteriorly by osteophytes

- posteriorly by infolded ligamentum flavum

 

Dislocation

Epidemiology

 

Uncommon

- dancers

- athletes

 

Aetiology

 

Hyperdorsiflexion of the MTPJ

 

Pathology

 

MT head dislocates plantar

- may buttonhole through capsule

- can prevent closed reduction

 

Blocks to Reduction

 

1.  Sesamoids

2.  Conjoint tendon

3.  Intersesamoid Ligament

 

Flexor Tendon Background

Anatomy

 

Fascicles of long, spiraling bundles

- tenocytes & Type I collagen

- synovial cells & fibroblasts present

 

Endotenon 

- surrounds the individual collagen bundles

 

Epitenon

- fine fibrous outer layer, highly cellular, continuous with endotenon

- contains most of the blood vessels & capillaries

 

Background

Definition Dupuytrens

 

Palmar Fibromatosis 

 

Aetiology

 

AD with variable penetration

 

Pathogenesis

 

Murrell's Theory of Pathogenesis

 

1. Microvascular ischaemia