aetiology

Incidence

Young men

Posterior / Anterior 9:1

Aetiology

High velocity injury

- head direction at impact decides direction of dislocation

Anterior Dislocation 

Externally rotated & abducted leg

- flexion = inferior dislocation

Definition

CP is a permanent disorder of movement and posture 

- non-progressive 

- brain injury before the age of two years

Strict definition excludes familial & progressive congenital problems & those acquired in childhood as a result of head injuries

Incidence

2-3 per 1000 live births

Higher in 

Incidence

Up to 8% patients with ACL reconstruction will have recurrent instability and graft failure

- increased with surgical inexperience

Graft can

1.  Be inadequate from the start

- inadequate tension

- poor tunnel placement

Definition

Self limiting syndrome of unknown aetiology

- hip pain associated with osteoporosis of proximal femur 

DDx

AVN

- AVN of the hip in pregnancy is rare but possible

- TOH tends to be diffuse on MRI, while AVN is localised

- extends to neck and metaphysis

- transient osteoporosis has normal bone scan

Incidence

Rare

- M: F 3:1

Definition

Non-traumatic or traumatic condition of femoral head with bone death

Epidemiology

20 - 50 yo (average 38)

- M: F 4:1

NHx  

70-80% with AVN will progress within 1 year

Epidemiology

Second most common  hindfoot after calcaneal fractures

Aetiology

Aviators Astragalus

Fall from height

- hyper-dorsiflexion injury

- neck of talus strikes the anterior tibia

Anatomy

More than half surface covered by articular cartilage

- medial articular wall straight

- lateral articular wall curves posteriorly

Deformities

Mallet

- DIP flexed

- MTP / PIPJ neutral

Hammer 

- PIP flexion

- DIPJ neutral / extended

Simple - MTP not involved

Complex - MTP hyper-extended

Claw 

- PIPJ and DIPJ flexed

- MTPJ hyperextended

Curly toe 

- PIP and DIP flexion

Deformity

Ulna drift & volar dislocation

Causes of MCPJ Deformity

Ulna Drift / Ulna Dislocation

1.  Physiological

Aetiology

S. aureus / Strept

- usually a history of trauma

Definition

Stenosing tenosynovitis of the first dorsal compartment of wrist

Epidemiology

Most are middle aged women

Aetiology

Repetitive thumb movements

- abduction & extension

- combined with RD & UD movements

Any mechanical irritation

- foreign body

- prominent bony surface

- restricted fascial compartment