1. Capsular avulsions
2. Body / Nutcracker fracture
Epidemiology
- rare
Mechanism
- forced eversion / abduction of forefoot
- cuboid crushed between 4th and 5th MT and calaneum
Pathology
- displaced cuboid fracture with subluxation of tarsus
1. Standard trochanteric osteotomy
2. Sliding trochanteric osteotomy
3. Extended trochanteric osteotomy
Rare
Medial
- 80%
- calcaneum dislocated medially
Lateral
- 20%
- higher energy injury
Most common of the bleeding disorders
- 1:100
vWF
- needed for platelet adhesion and platelet-platelet interactions
- also carrier for factor VIII / protects it from rapid breakdown
Gene on chromosome 12
1. Reduced production VWF
Present with pain but not instability
Traumatic
Degenerative
Different treatment algorithms for each
Ulna side wrist pain
- may be worse with rotation
- opening doors and jars
History of trauma
Local tenderness DRUJ
1/3 caucasian women > 64
Insufficient bone mass at time of skeletal maturity
- peak bone mass is achieved at age 25
Rapid loss of bone after menopause
Low body weight / weight loss / history of smoking / steroids
Type 1
- postmenopausal
- high turnover / osteoclast mediated
- F x 6
90% fusion rates
Lose
70% sagittal plane ROM
Non union rates up to 12%
Decreased gait speed
Poor mobility over uneven surfaces
1. Motion Control
2. Spinal Realignment
3. Trunk Support
4. Weight Transfer
Cheap & Comfortable
- ineffective
- allows 70% Flexion Extension / 80% Rotation / 90% Lateral bend
1. Seebacher's 3 layers of the medial knee
Layer 1
- sartorius and sartorius fascia
Layer 2
- superficial MCL
- posterior oblique ligament
- semimembranosus
Layer 3
- deep MCL (meniscofemoral and meniscotibial ligament)
- posteromedial capsule
2. MCL
Superficial MCL
Malignant tumour of striated muscle
Juvenile variety arises from mesenchyme
Most common malignant ST Tumour in children (< 15 years)