xrays

Epidemiology

Usually after 50-60 years of age

Aetiology

Primary 90% of cases

Secondary

- AVN

- trauma

- instability

Pathology

Fractures

1.  Neck of 5th Metacarpal

2.  Metacarpal Shaft

3.  Metacarpal Head

4.  Base of Metacarpal Fracture Dislocations

5.  Base of Thumb Fractures / Bennett's / Rolanda

1.  Neck of 5th Metacarpal Fracture

Non operative Management

Accept 45^o angulation

- will have finger extensor lag, but will recover

Aetiology

Throwing injury

- seen in the throwing athlete

- repetitive microtrauma / valgus stress

- develop laxity

History

Initially

- lose velocity / accuracy

Develop medial pain

40% ulna nerve symptoms

Aetiology

Intrinsic

- inflammatory

- degenerative

Extrinsic

- traumatic

- spur

Epidemiology

F > 40

Associations 60% of cases  

- hypertension

- diabetes

- obese

- trauma 

- prior surgery

- steroids

History

First generation (late 70s early 80s) 

Results

1.  Pattern of bone destruction

Geographic

Least aggressive

- usually indicative of slow growing lesion

- usually seen in benign tumours

- may be myeloma / mets / OM

Narrow transition from normal to abnormal bone

- Margin of the lesion is well defined

- margin is easily separated from surrounding bone

- margin may be smooth / irregular, sclerotic / non  sclerotic

Definition 

Avascular necrosis & subsequent disintegration of lunate

Aetiology

50-75% history of trauma

Occasionally seen in sickle cell / steroid use

Pathogenesis

Vascular Theory

Trauma disrupting vascularity

- single incident with disruption of blood supply

AP Shoulder

Technique

- in plane of thorax

- oblique of GHJ

AP in plane of scapula

Grashey

- angle 45^o lateral

- allows estimation of glenohumeral space

Definition

Heterogeneous group of diseases characterised by

- hyperuricaemia

- recurrent attacks of acute arthritis

Diagnosis confirmed by

- crystals of Monosodium Urate in synovial fluid

- tophi ("Porous stone") urate in soft tissues

- renal urate stones

Epidemiology

Adult men