syndrome

Definition

Acute dislocation of the atlanto-axial facet joint

Present with acute torticollis

Etiology

Children

Definition

Hoffa's syndrome

- impingement of the fat pad with knee ROM

Epidemiology

Rare

Diagnosis of exclusion

Theory

May be more prevalent in patients with intact ligamentum mucosum

Diagnosis

Hoffa's sign

- apply pressure to fat pad each side of patella tendon with knee in flexion

- extend knee

Definition

Symptoms & signs due to compression of brachial plexus & /or subclavian vessels at root of neck

Epidemiology

80% 30-50 years 

F:M = 2:1 

Incidence

Uncommon

Anatomy

Thoracic Outlet forms communication at root of neck 

- for passage of nerves and vessels from mediastinum to axilla 

Epidemiology

Trisomy 21

1 in 800

Aetiology

Advanced maternal age

- 1/ 50 mothers > 45

- however mothers < 30 still most common

Genetics

- 95% non disjunction during meiosis

- 4% are result of translocation (Chr 21 joins to Chr 14)

- 1% are mosaics