pathology

Definition

Palmar Fibromatosis 

Aetiology

AD with variable penetration

Pathogenesis

Murrell's Theory of Pathogenesis

1. Microvascular ischaemia

Definition

Groin pain in athletes

- secondary to tear in external oblique fascia

Epidemiology

Sports with aggressive adduction

- hockey / soccer

Pathology

Tears in external oblique fascia

- tend to be central

- around spermatic cord and ilioinguinal nerve

- pain may be from nerve entrapment

DDx

Adductor Longus Tear

Definition

Radius rotates externally in relation to the ulna

- posterior displacement of the radial head relative to the capitellum

- in flexion

Anatomy LCL

Definition

A fixed equinus deformity of the forefoot in relation to the hindfoot 

- resulting in an abnormally high arch that fails to flatten with weight bearing

- deformity may be forefoot, hindfoot or combination

Aetiology

Anatomy

Osseous canal between talus and calcaneum

- interosseous talo-calcaneal ligament

- cervical ligament

- joint capsule

- nerve endings / arterial anastomoses

Aetiology

Flat foot / overpronation

Inversion / sprain

Pathology

Definition

Bunion

- medial prominence of head of 1st MT

Hallux Valgus

- medial deviation 1st MT

- lateral deviation of great toe

Anatomy

Metatarsal head

- has 2 grooves separating ridge (cristae)

Pathology

ITB rubbing on LFC

- long distance runners (slow running more at risk than fast)

- cyclists (seat too high, improper technique)

ITB becomes tight, especially posterior portion

Develop inflammed tissue under ITB

- synovium

- bursa

Aetiology

Overuse 

- sudden increase in distance

- hill running

- genu varum 

- improper shoe wear

Definition

Primary malignancy arising from remnants of the notochord

Epidemiology

Rare malignant tumour

Middle-aged adults (50-70)

M>F

Location

In midline in axial skeleton

Base of skull 35%

Vertebrae 15%

- especially cervical

Sacrum 50%

Definition

Chondroid Metaplasia of synovium affecting large joints

Nodules of hyaline cartilage

- formed in the subsynovial layer of joint capsules

Epidemiology

Rare lesion

Most common in 20's and 30's

Sex: M > F (2:1)

Monoarticular

Site

Pathogenesis

Virchow's Triad

1. Venous stasis

2. Hypercoagulability

3. Endothelial damage

Starts as platelet nidus at valves

- thrombogenic materials elaborated by platelets

- leads to development of fibrin thrombus

- thrombus grows

Thrombus may 

- detach as embolus

- be completely dissolved / recanalise

- organise with valve incompetence