Size
2 x as strong as ACL
About the same length as ACL 38 mm
Cross sectional area 150% of ACL
13 mm diameter (thicker)
2 Bundles
1. Anterolateral
- most important
- double the size of the posteromedial
- tight in flexion
- try to reconstruct this bundle
Most common
- fascia lata on greater trochanter
- iliopsoas on lesser trochanter
1. Intra-articular structures
- labrum
- ligamentum Teres
- loose bodies
- synovial chondromatosis
- osteochondoma
2. Extra-articular structures
- fascia lata on greater trochanter (common)
Aids
AFO / KAFO
- ankle foot orthosis
- knee ankle foot orthosis
GRAFO
- ground reaction AFO
Kaye walker
- seat on it
- co-ordinates walking
Reciprocal Gait Orthoses
Sitting
Short adducted leg - dislocated hip
Scoliosis
Neck
- ROM
Shoulder
- behind head / to mouth
- to back pocket
Elbows
- flexion / extension elbows
- pronation / supination with thumb up & elbows by side
Wrist
- flexion / extension
Hand
- make fist with thumb in and out
Replant
- reattachment of body part that has been completely severed
Revascularisation of incomplete Amputation
10% of elbow tendonitis
Overuse injury
- poor swing in golf
- poor throwing technique
- overuse of topspin in tennis
- occupational (repetitive hammering / screwing)
Some patients also have lateral epicondylitis
Tenderness CFO
Stimulate pain
- flexion of WJ with fingers resisting
Most common in lateral meniscus 9:1
Peak incidence 20-40
Probably 2° to infiltration of joint fluid into extra-articular tissues
- almost always associated with horizontal cleavage tear
- creates a flap valve in lateral 1/3 of LM
Usually present with pain
- activity related
May notice lump
Rotational force incurred while joint partially flexed & extending
- caught between femoral & tibial condyles
- usually valgus & ER / varus & IR
Limb alignment
Risk that late posterolateral corner reconstruction will fail in the setting of the varus knee
- varus knee alignment and varus thrust in stance phase
- consider osteotomy first in this setting
Posterolateral Corner Reconstruction
Moulton et al. Am J Sports Med 2016
- systematic review of PCL reconstruction for chronic injuries
- 450 patients
LCL / Popliteus / Popliteofibular ligament
Laprade et al. AJSM 2003
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14623649/
1. Lateral collateral ligament
Femoral attachment