types

Cuboid Fractures

Types

 

1.  Capsular avulsions

 

2.  Body / Nutcracker fracture

 

Nutcracker fracture

 

Epidemiology

- rare

 

Mechanism

- forced eversion / abduction of forefoot

- cuboid crushed between 4th and 5th MT and calaneum

 

Pathology

- displaced cuboid fracture with subluxation of tarsus

Von Willebrand's Disease

Incidence

 

Most common of the bleeding disorders

- 1:100

 

Function

 

vWF            

- needed for platelet adhesion and platelet-platelet interactions

- also carrier for factor VIII / protects it from rapid breakdown

 

Aetiology

 

Gene on chromosome 12

1.  Reduced production VWF

Osteoporosis

Epidemiology

 

1/3 caucasian women > 64

 

Risk Factors

 

Insufficient bone mass at time of skeletal maturity

- peak bone mass is achieved at age 25

 

Rapid loss of bone after menopause

 

Low body weight / weight loss / history of smoking / steroids

 

Primary

 

Type 1

- postmenopausal

- high turnover / osteoclast mediated

- F x 6

Spinal Braces

Braces

 

1.  Motion Control

 

2.  Spinal Realignment

 

3.  Trunk Support

 

4. Weight Transfer

 

Soft Collar

 

Cheap & Comfortable

- ineffective

- allows 70% Flexion Extension / 80% Rotation / 90% Lateral bend

 

Philadelphia Collar

 

MCL and Posteromedial Corner

AnatomyMCL anatomy

 

1. Seebacher's 3 layers of the medial knee

 

Layer 1

- sartorius and sartorius fascia

 

Layer 2

- superficial MCL

- posterior oblique ligament

- semimembranosus

 

Layer 3

- deep MCL (meniscofemoral and meniscotibial ligament)

- posteromedial capsule 

 

2. MCL

 

Superficial MCL

Eosinophilic Granuloma

Definition

 

Langerhan's Cell Histiocytosis

- non-neoplastic disorder

- characterised by infiltration by histiocytic cells (Monocyte / macrophage lineage)

 

Group of granulomatous inflammatory processes of unknown aetiology

- involve the reticuloendothelial component of the bone marrow, parenchymal organs, and skin

 

Types 

 

E - H - L