aetiology

Lateral Condyle Fractures

Epidemiology

 

Average age 6 years

 

20% distal humeral fracture

- second most common elbow fracture after supracondylar

 

Mechanism

 

Pull Off 

- more common 

- fracture begins posterolateral metaphysis

- LCL, ECRL & ECRB attached to fragment

 

Push off

- varus force to extended EJ

 

Classification

 

Femoral Fractures

Aetiology

Paediatric femoral fracture

 

Varies per age group

 

Trauma

- 60%

 

Non Accidental Injury

- 15 - 30%

- suspect if non walker / < 1 year

- walking status single best indicator of risk

- paediatric team to investigate

- history taking from parent

- consider metabolic investigations

 

Syringomyelia

Definition

 

Progressive and  chronic disorder associated with cord cavitation & gliosis

 

Effects

 

Muscle wasting

Dissociate anaesthesia

Scoliosis

Neuropathic arthropathy

 

Epidemiology

 

M > F

No familial tendency

 

Aetiology

 

1. Idiopathic

 

Aetiology & Classification

Definition

 

Idiopathic condition of the immature femoral capital epiphysis involving varying degrees of osteonecrosis

 

AKA

- Legg-Calve-Perthes disease

- coxa plana

 

Described in separate publications in 1912 by

- Legg (Boston)

- Calve (France)

- Perthes (Germany)

 

Epidemiology

 

M: F    4:1

 

1 in 740 males

 

Tarsal Coalition

Definition

 

Congenital fibrous, cartilaginous or bony connection of 2 or more tarsal bones

- due to failure of segmentation

 

Peroneal Spastic Flat Foot

- tarsal coalition

- tarsal pain

- reduced STJ motion

- rigid pes planus

- peroneal muscle spasm / tightness

 

Epidemiology

 

Present in 6% of population

- symptomatic in 1% of population

 

Bilateral in 50%

 

Calcaneovalgus

Definition

 

Condition present at birth

- ankle dorsiflexed & in valgus

- foot abducted

 

Epidemiology

 

1 in 1000 births

 

Aetiology

 

Probably result of intrauterine positioning

- packaging defect

 

Associations

 

Oligohydramnios

DDH

 

Calcaneocavus

Definition

 

Deformity characterised by 

- dorsiflexion of calcaneus 

- plantarflexion of forefoot / plantaris / forefoot equinus

 

Both sides of foot have elevated arch

 

Aetiology

 

Weakness of triceps surae 

- polio - most common worldwide

- spina bifida

 

Eosinophilic Granuloma

Definition

 

Langerhan's Cell Histiocytosis

- non-neoplastic disorder

- characterised by infiltration by histiocytic cells (Monocyte / macrophage lineage)

 

Group of granulomatous inflammatory processes of unknown aetiology

- involve the reticuloendothelial component of the bone marrow, parenchymal organs, and skin

 

Types 

 

E - H - L